Exam B9 LV

Complete each sentence using the best form of a word from the chart.

Choose the best word from the list below to complete these conversations.

THE ANIMAL TRAINER 

Mexican-born animal trainer Cesar Millan is one of the world’s best-known animal trainers. On his TV shows, Millan helps dogs and dog owners deal with their problems. He helps angry and scared dogs become good companions. He also helps confused humans become confident, happy dog owners.

What is the biggest mistake we make with dogs?

We humanize dogs. We hold conversations with them as if they were people … A dog doesn’t know it lives in Beverly Hills or how much we spend on it.

Why do people like certain kinds of dogs?

It’s about what they want from another human but can’t get, so they get it from a dog.

So a person gets a pit bull as a pet because …?

Because it represents power, strength, masculinity – like driving a Ferrari.

And a small poodle? 

Because it’s feminine. Decorative.

So people get dogs that are like them?

I walk into a home, and I don’t have to hear much. I see the dog, and I know who you are. It’s a mirror.

What is your approach to helping owners with their dog problems?

If you don’t tell a dog what to do, it will tell you what to do. My clients are powerful, they have Harvard degrees, they run [big corporations], but they can’t control a dog. You don’t ask a dog if it would like to go for a walk. You put on the leash and go.

Is there any creature you can’t rehabilitate?

My father … . I want him to tell my mother, “I appreciate you. Thank you. I love you.” But he can’t, not in the machismo culture of Mexico.

Can’t you take your father for a walk and work out the issues?

No. He’d just run away.

How did your parents feel about your choice of profession?

They wanted me to become a professional, [like a] doctor [or] lawyer.

How does your father feel now that you’ve made it?

He still can’t understand why Americans pay me for walking their dogs.

What are the lessons we learn from dogs? To live in the moment. Also honesty … [and] integrity. They will never stab you in the back or lie to you.

Do dogs think and feel? They feel – they are instinctual. They don’t think.

So which animal behaves better – humans or dogs?

Oh, dogs.

The questions refer to Reading 1 from Unit 9. Review the reading passage “THE ANIMAL TRAINER”. Then write in CAPITAL LETTERS each description to either DOGS or HUMANS. 

MONKEYS SHOW A SENSE OF FAIRNESS

Most humans expect to receive fair treatment. A scientific study shows that brown capuchin monkeys may feel the same way. This is the first time scientists have seen this kind of behavior in a species other than humans.

Scientists chose brown capuchin monkeys for their research because they are known to have strong social bonds. In other words, capuchins have close relationships with each other. They also cooperate. For example, they share responsibilities for food-gathering activities, such as finding fruit trees.

Sarah Brosnan, the leader of the study, put female monkeys in pairs. A different researcher worked with each pair of capuchins. The researchers trained the monkeys to give them a small rock. “That may sound simple, but not very many species are willing to [give things away],” says Brosnan. When a monkey exchanged a rock with the researcher within 60 seconds, it received a reward. Usually, the reward was a piece of cucumber.

The partner of each capuchin who made an exchange also received a reward. Sometimes the partner got the same reward (a cucumber slice), but other times the partner received a better reward (a grape). Brosnan said the response to the unequal treatment was astonishing. When a capuchin saw its partner get better treatment, it was unhappy. Some did not want to continue the test or eat the cucumber they received. Some threw their food at the researchers.

Brosnan’s research suggests there is a link between animal cooperation and a dislike of unfair treatment. This could have implications for discussions about equal treatment in human society. If animals are hardwired to expect fair treatment, it’s possible that we are, too.

The question refers to an excerpt of Reading 2 from Unit 9.

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE sentences the express the most important ideas in the passage “MONKEYS SHOW A SENSE OF FAIRNESS”. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

21. Research shows that some monkeys may have a sense of fairness. 

Clever Hans

Wilhelm von Osten was a German school mathematics teacher who lived in Berlin in the late nineteenth century. Von Osten was interested in animal intelligence, among other subjects. He began training a horse called Hans to see how intelligent the animal was. What he discovered astonished him. With some basic training, the horse seemed to be able to recognize numbers. Von Osten would write a number less than ten on a chalkboard. Hans would then answer by tapping his hoof that number of times.

Von Osten was amazed by what Hans could do and how smart he was. As a result, he decided to take the horse – now called “Clever Hans” – on tour around Germany. Von Osten would stop in towns and cities to give free demonstrations in front of crowds of interested people. The crowds were amazed. After all, a horse that can solve math problems, tell the time, and even spell out words and names is very special. Hans did not always answer perfectly. However, he could answer almost ninety percent of questions correctly.

Hans became so famous that an American newspaper published a story about him. Not everyone was sure that Hans really was intelligent, however. The board of education in Germany created a special group to study the horse. This group tested both Hans and von Osten, but could find no evidence of tricks. The group then asked a psychologist to study Hans. He developed some new tests and concluded that Hans was not, in fact, an intelligent horse.

This result may seem disappointing. However, the real story of how Hans was able to answer these questions is fascinating. After he asked Hans a question, von Osten would wait for the horse to start tapping his hoof. As Hans was tapping, von Osten’s body language would change. For example, he started to show different facial expressions. When Hans tapped the correct answer, von Osten reacted even more strongly. Hans was able to recognize this and stopped tapping. So Hans was not a clever horse in terms of spelling ability or mathematical skill. But he was definitely clever at reading human emotions.

Read the passage “CLEVER HANS”and answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Noun clauses are a kind of dependent – or subordinate – clause. A noun clause forms a part of a longer sentence. Most noun clauses begin with that, or a wh- question word like who, how, or what. 

Identify the number of noun clauses in each sentence below.  Write the answer like this:”a. 0“

• a. 0
• b. 1
• c. 2

There are several ways to talk about similarities and differences between two things, including using the comparative form of adjectives. 

Complete this chart using the words and phrases below.

A comparison paragraph discusses two things or ideas and focuses either on their similarities or their differences. 

Look at each sentence below. Decide if it compares two things by focusing on their similarities or their differences. Write the answer like this:”a. comparison focusing on similarities“

• a. comparison focusing on similarities
• b. comparison focusing on differences

Write full sentences in answer to these questions.

43. Think about a good friend. In what ways are you similar to him or her?

44. Think about another good friend. In what ways are you different from him or her?

45. Think about your life five years ago. In what ways is your life different now?

46. Imagine your life ten years from now. In what ways do you think it will be the different from now?

47. What would you like to be able to do better than you can do now? Why?

The dog trainer Cesar Millan believes that dogs behave better than humans. In what ways do you think his statement is true, and in what ways do you think it is false? 

48. Write at least 100 words. Support your opinion with detailed reasons and examples.